Is Light a Wave or a Particle?

Is wakeful a Wave or a Particle?Is cloudless a flutter or a collection of components?The answer is both, Light spate be modelled as an electromagnetic fly high or a stream of photonsLight is an electromagnetic prosper as it travels by means of and through a vacuum of outer n previous(predicate) post to transfer its postal code from one location to an other(a). ( The physical science classroom, 1996-2014)electromagnetic flutters argon created by the vibration of an electric charge. This vibration creates a boom which has both an electric and a magnetic component. An electromagnetic wave transports its energy through a vacuum at a speed of 3.00 x 108 m/s (a speed value commonly represented by the symbol c).The Wave theory of was origin ally developed by HuygensHis theory said that liberal travelled through space by travel through a specialty known as the ether, a unfathomable weightless substance, which exists as an invisible entity throughout air and space. Huygens believed that ether vibrated in the same direction as elation, and formed a wave itself as it carried the light waves. Huygens Principle described how for each one point on a wave could produce its own wavelets, which then added together to form a wavefront.Light also displays certain properties of waves such(prenominal) as reflection, refraction and diffraction. These come about when a wave reaches the end of the medium.Reflection is when the light bounces off an impediment. The most common example is the reflection of light waves off mirrored protrude results in the formation of an image. other characteristic of wave reflection is that the lean at which the wave approaches a flat reflecting surface is catch to the burden at which the wave leaves the surface. Reflection is discover in water and tidy waves and is also observed in light. (The physics classroom, 1996-2014)Refraction is when a wave passes from one medium to another medium. When the wave crosses the boundary b etween the 2 mediums the direction of the wave changes and the path of the wave is essentially bent. The direction of the wriggle depends on the speed at which the wave is touching through the mediums, if it is moving from a fast medium to a slow medium it leave bend one way and going from a slow medium to a fast medium it depart bend the opposite way. The angle of the bend allow depend on the actual speeds of the twain mediums. (The physics classroom, 1996-2014) Refraction occurs in sound and water waves. It can be seen in light in the refraction of light through a nut case or a mirage is an optical illusion caused when light waves moving from the slant toward the ground ar bent by the heated airDiffraction involves a change in direction of waves as they pass through an commencement or around an obstacle in their path. Water and sound waves scram the ability to travel around corners, around obstacles and through openings.When light encounters an obstacle in its path, t he obstacle blocks the light and 10ds to cause the formation of a keister in the region behind the obstacle. Light does not exhibit a very noticeable ability to bend around the obstacle and submit in the region behind it with light. Nonetheless, light does diffract around obstacles. In fact, if you observe a shadow c arefully, you give notice that its distinctnesss are highly fuzzy. Interference effects occur due to the diffraction of light around opposite founts of the object, causing the shadow of the object to be fuzzy. This is often demonstrated with a laser light and penny demonstration. Light diffracting around the right edge of a penny can constructively and destructively interfere with light diffracting around the left edge of the penny. The result is that an interference formula is created the pattern consists of alternating rings of light and doggedness. As can be seen in this photo.How can we test if light is a wave?An experiment called the persona slit experime nt was designed by the scientist Thomas Young. It required a light source, a thin card with two holes cut side by side and a screen.To run the experiment, Young allowed a barb of light to pass through a pinhole and strike the card. If light contained particles or simple now-line rays, he reasoned, light not blocked by the cloudy card would pass through the slits and travel in a straight line to the screen, where it would form two bright spots. This isnt what Young observed. Instead, he cut a bar code pattern of alternating light and dark bands on the screen. To explain this unexpected pattern, he imagined light traveling through space like a water wave, with crests and troughs. Thinking this way, he cogitate that light waves traveled through each of the slits, creating two separate wave fronts. As these wave fronts arrived at the screen, they interfered with each other. Bright bands formed where two wave crests overlapped and added together. Dark bands formed where crests and t roughs lined up and canceled each other out completely. This proves the theory that light is a wave.The particle theory of lightThis theory was developed by Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Eistein and said that the energy emitted by light travelled as small minimum quantities or packets of electromagnetic energy called photons accord to the photon theory of light, photons . . .move at a ceaseless velocity,c= 3 x 108m/s (i.e. the speed of light), in free spacehave zero masscarry energy and momentum, and The energy of each photon is directly proportional to the relative frequency of the radiotherapy.can be destroyed/created when actinotherapy is repeated/emitted.can have particle-like interactions (i.e. collisions) with electrons and other particles.(Jones, 2014)The photoelectric effect supports the particle theory of lightThe photoelectric effect is the phenomena where a metal releases electrons when undecided to light or electromagnetic radiation of a particular frequency. These e mitted electrons are called photoelectrons.So basically this is how it turnsEvery metal has a door frequency this is the minimum frequency of light or electromagnetic radiation that will causes the release of electron from the surface of a metal. This is because this frequency will supply the minimum amount of energy needed to overcome the military group of attraction between the metal and the electron this is known as the work function of the metalWhat happens is when a light photon with energy equal to hf (h creation planks constant and f being greater than or equal to the threshold frequency) strikes a metal surface all the energy of the photon is transferred to the electron. (Louw, 2014)Another way to prove the particle theory is the Atomic SpectraEmission spectra are produced when light from a light source such as a filament or a gas discharge tube is observed through a diffraction grating or a prismContinous spectra are produced when light from a effulgence solid state n atural such as a filament passes through a triangular prism.This is because strength transitions take place this means that in an atom electrons have special energy levels as you can seeAn electron is sore to an coseismal high energy level and then falls back to a write down level. Photons with a specific energy and frequency are emitted.In such dense substances, the atoms are so close together that legion(predicate) varied transitions of electrons can take place and light photons of any wave length can be radiated. This results in the different colours being emitted.The production of the line emission spectraA glowing gas is bewildered by heating it or passing an electric current through itThe glowing gas in the discharge tube is then observed through a diffraction grating ( a diffraction creating is a transparent plate on which parallel lines are ruled very closely 600 per mmThe electrons in an atom have only specific energy levelsWhen an atom is in a gaseous state, elect rons can be excited to a higher energy level through heat or electricityThe electrons absorb a discrete amount of energy for a specific climb up for example between energy level 3 and 1The excited state is unstable so the electron falls back roughly immediately to a lower level and emits light energy in the form of photonsThe energy of an emitted photon equals the energy difference between the higher and lower energy levels. The energy is emitted as light with a definite frequency and specific colour. Each element will produce a different line spectra due to the differing energy levelsAtomic spectras that are observed can only be explained if light was a stream of particles.It can thereof be stated that light as dual particle-wave naturePictures(Richard Anderson, 2011) (Top ten thailand , 2014) (Abovetopsecret, 2014) (Atal, 2011) (Britannica, 2014) (HowStuffWorks, 2014) (xsgeo, 1999) (Mastin, 2009) (Greenfield, 2002) (Paley, 2010) (Norton, 2013) (Anon., n.d.) (University of Nebra ska Lincoln, 2014)BibliographyThe physics classroom, 1996-2014. Propagation of an Electromagnetic Wave. Online open at http//www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/waves/em.cfm Accessed 24 folk 2014.Abovetopsecret, 2014. Scalar waves. Online ready(prenominal) at http//www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread986938/pg4 Accessed 24 folk 2014.Anon., n.d. Tumbler. Online Available at http//onemeone intent.tumblr.com/ Accessed 1 October 2014.Atal, A., 2011. DavissonGermer Experiment. Online Available at http//sciencesummit.wordpress.com/2011/05/12/davissongermer-experiment/ Accessed 24 kinfolk 2014.Britannica, 2014. Desert Mirage. Online Available at http//kids.britannica.com/elementary/art-89417/A-mirage-in-the-desert-of-Namibia-leads-people-to Accessed 24 September 2014.Greenfield, D., 2002. Optical networking fundamentals of light. Online Available at http//www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=27658 Accessed 1 October 2014.HowStuffWorks, 2014. How light works. Online Available at http//s cience.howstuffworks.com/light3.htm Accessed 24 September 2014.Jones, A. Z., 2014. What is a photon?. Online Available at http//physics.about.com/od/lightoptics/f/photon.htm Accessed 1 October 2014.Louw, R., 2014. Physical Sciences, the Answer Series. 1st ed. drape Town The Answer.Mastin, L., 2009. QUANTA AND WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY. Online Available at http//www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/topics_quantum_quanta.html Accessed 1 October 2014.nightlase, 2014. Theory of Light. Online Available at http//www.nightlase.com.au/education/optics/light.htm Accessed 24 September 2014.Norton, J. D., 2013. Origins of Quantum Theory. Online Available at http//www.pitt.edu/jdnorton/teaching/HPS_0410/chapters/quantum_theory_origins/ Accessed 1 October 2014.Paley, N., 2010. Czech myself before I wreck myself. Online Available at http//blog.ninapaley.com/ kin/philosophy/ Accessed 1 October 2014.Richard Anderson, 2011. Santilli IsoRedShift. Online Available at http//www.workshops-hadronic-mechanics.org/i soshifts.html Accessed 24 September 2014. school day physics, 2013. Theories of light. Online Available at http//www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Wave properties/Wave properties/text/Theories_of_light/index.html Accessed 24 September 2014.The physics classroom, 1996-2014. Wavelike Behaviors of Light. Online Available at http//www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Wavelike-Behaviors-of-Light Accessed 24 September 2014.Top ten thailand , 2014. 10 Crazy Facts About Mirrors. Online Available at http//www.toptenthailand.com/topten/detail/20140103122902277 Accessed 24 September 2014.University of Nebraska Lincoln, 2014. Spectral compartmentalisation of Stars. Online Available at http//astro.unl.edu/naap/hr/hr_background1.html Accessed 1 October 2014.xsgeo, 1999. WHAT MAKES A WIGGLE ?. Online Available at http//www.xsgeo.com/course/wiggle.htm Accessed 25 September 2014.Utilitarian Consequentialist Perspective respectable motive of CloningUtilitarian Consequentialist Perspective E thics of CloningThe emergence of a cloned ewe called Dolly in 1997 was a shock to the entire globe. Since an puppet had been successfully cloned, it was only natural for scientists to try to replicate valet beings. In 2001, a U.S. Company that deals with Advanced Cell Technology announced their first render towards making a valet de chambre clone. Even though the experiment failed, the developments in biotechnology sparked a lot of interests regarding the morality and ethics of human copy. This rise explores the bioethical issue of human cloning and how it challenges the absolute worth of the life of a human being from a utilitarian consequentialist panorama.Utilitarianism is a prominent ethical theory that assesses the rightness or wrongness of actions or ideas based on their implications for the mass people. Utilitarians view morality as an opportunity to make life better or to increase the good things on the planet by reducing the bad aspects. They think that what makes i deas and actions justified is their positive contribution to the human race. A person or entity is thus forced to develop calculations that will balance things out to generate the most happiness. Additionally, consequentialism allows morality to generate all forms of overall consequences (Vaughn, 2015).In the issue of human cloning, a utilitarian rack would argue that it is essential to weigh the pleasure and pain that the idea or action will produce. Cloning entails the procedure of acquiring familial material from one living organism to formulate an identical copy of it artificially. The external appearance of the clone and organism will appear similar, but they will both have different personalities and attitudes. Human cloning possesses benefits such as the creation of additional living organisms that people need, regenerating an extinct species, providing aseptic couples with youngsterren, compensating for the loss of a child, elimination of the birth defects, tissue and or gan harvesting, amongst others (Vaughn, 2015).According to Vaughn (2015), the adverse implications of human cloning include the possibility of using the clones as slaves, experimentations on human beings, the lack of individuality of a clone, uncertain approaching outcomes regarding the health of the clone, aggressive genetic illnesses, social divide, etc. Human cloning is considered morally wrong by everyone who comes into contact with the potential dangers of the process. A world-shattering portion of the clones dies after or before they are formed. They also obtain different malformations and abnormalities. Up to now, not even animal clones have successfully been created. It is thus disheartening to even contemplate a human child arising from a similar process.However, human cloning from a utilitarian consequentialist perspective is set to benefit many people on earth. From the standpoint, it is viewed as morally justified. Genetically altering the chromosomal composition of a person so that he or she can be free from defects would be ethically right. However, the uncertainty that arises from cloning makes it difficult to develop a concise summary of the positive implications of the process. For example, the clone ewe, Dolly, was a remarkable creature who broke the boundaries of human thinking to usher in the prospects of human cloning. However, a few eld later, Dolly exhibited signs of premature aging as well as genetic diseases (Vaughn, 2015).It is thus not right for scientists to be provided with the go ahead to diving event into genetic engineering due to the uncertain outcomes of human cloning. At this early stage, a utilitarian consequentialist perspective of the bioethical issue is a bit clouded because it appears as if many individuals will not benefit from the scientific procedure. merely there is also the aspect of a few mistakes saving millions of lives and ensuring the selection of the human race particularly at a time when the purlieu is in danger, and they are numerous incurable illnesses. Fortunately, with the introduction of computer simulations, it will be easier to examine the positive implications of human cloning to the general population since they will be no urgency to conduct human and animal experiments.ReferenceVaughn, L. (2015). Doing ethics Moral reasoning and contemporary issues. WW Norton Company.