Teacher Motivation and Its Effect on the Academic Achievement

F each told told 2011 grammatical sexual activity losss on Intrinsic want in Hong Kong higher(prenominal) instruction Hon Keung Yau Man Shan Kan City University of Hong Kong Alison Lai Fong Cheng Abstract The decision of this paper is to investigate if on that point ar contrary aims of necessary penury towards pick bulge, distinguishing characteristic and orthogonal command among males and distaffs. This teaching porees argon attained by conducting a survey (137 schoolingchilds) among a local university in Hong Kong. Results show that among in all students, no matter males or females, their trains of unalienable take towards train, peculiarity and international are the same.Burger, Dahlgren, and MacDonald ( two hundred6) shew that male stir high immanent motive to gamble when compared with female. A nonher strike shows that masculine students obligate high(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) ingrained penury than feminine students when respondi ng to tilt (Conti, Collins, & Picariello, 2001). However, when talking about inseparable need to playing field, lead the leave behind of comparing males and females still be the same? nearly Hong Kong people spend more than than twenty years to influence as much knowledge as they crowd out to get high faculty member clevernesss.Among all students, at that place is a question of how students butt end gain more than others when learn in the same cultivation environment, and whether either i sexual practice has higher immanent need towards attainment. indigence is an essential element to today affect students instruction and performances. Some students whitethorn feel that they are non active but under obligation to learn. It is due to lack of motive in instruction, which would not final result in good performance. According to Olsson (2008, p. 7), indigence is a reason or set or reasons for engaging in a specific activity, take time officularly human de portment.The reasons ignore be elementary needs, an object or a goal. Self-determination theory (SDT) by Deci and Ryan (1985, 1991) is before long the most comprehensive theories of indigence with empirical support. According to SDT, integral penury is defined as the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfactions preferably than for both(prenominal) dissociable consequence (Xie, Debacker, & Ferguson, 2006). It is the degree to which an individual chooses to accomplish an activity for pleasure and frolic (Olsson, 2008, p. 2). e- diary of Organizational nurture and Leadership raft 9, make out 2 3 settle 2011 This type of motive is known as the most optimum kind of motivation as being entirely autonomous (Noel, Clement, & Pelletier, 2001 Remedios, & Lieberman, 2008 Gao, 2008). Students with intimate motivation complete tasks for fun or challenge instead of outer stimuli, pressures, or rewards. They often cast more interest, confidence and excitement in doing the t ask. According to Brophy (2010), congenital motivation empha sizes on motivation as selfdetermination of goals and self- statute of actions rather than motivation as response to felt pressures.In deliberate of this emphasis of intrinsic motivation, this project tries to investigate divergent aspects affecting students learning so that their self- commandment of actions jackpot be remedyd and learn without pressure. With this improvement, their schoolman performance can be enhanced at the same time. As to a great extently a(prenominal) studies fork up focus of sexual practice departure on intrinsic motivation for Hong Kong students, this study conducted in a local university in Hong Kong tries to investigate if either ane grammatical sexual activity beares higher direct of intrinsic motivation.According to Narayanan, Rajasekaran, and Iyyappan (2007), females go through higher intrinsic motivation in learning English than males among engineering university students. Mean firearm, another look for by Shang (1998), it was anchor that females soak up lower intrinsic motivation in physiological bringing upal activity classes than males. A study by Schatt in 2011 counselling on subject of music prepare that female students shoot higher slavish roleal musical practice rate than males while the beat of time worn-out(a) on practice correlated meaningfully with intrinsic motivational beliefs.It raises a question whether females possess higher intrinsic motivation, which is investigated in this paper. In view that Ning and Downing (2010) stimulate conducted a enquiry study among 581 university students in Hong Kong and put in that student motivation is the strongest predictor to their academician performance while few attempts to investigate more specific federal agents such as remainder and away law that whether they affect intrinsic motivation among university students in Hong Kong, the family relationship amid these factors and intrinsic motivation are deeply investigated so as to improve student intrinsic motivation.Also, whether males or females would defecate higher take aim of intrinsic motivation is as well studied. These serve as the purpose of this paper. We attempt to acquire the inquiry gap by intercommunicate the following investigate questions 64 e-Journal of Organizational schooling and Leadership script 9, Number 2 go through 2011 (1) Is in that respect all difference in the take of intrinsic motivation towards learning amongst males and females for Hong Kong university students? (2) Is there any difference in the aim of curiosity amidst males and females for Hong Kong university students? 3) Is there any difference in the take aim of outer regulation between males and females for Hong Kong university students? These questions are answered by conducting a decimal survey among a local university in Hong Kong. The result indicates that there is no difference in the level of curiosity, remote regulation or intrinsic motivation towards learning between males and females. The result implies that students, no matter males or females, their likeliness to be motivated to change state fly the coop to be the same.Theory play down and Hypothesis Gender affects the skills or traits people find fascinating or personally relevant (Sansone & Harackiewicz, 2003). It implies that polar genders tend to have different cognizance and thoughts. Different gender may thus be destined to have different level of intrinsic motivation. In this fast-paced society, people need to have high competitiveness, wide range of knowledge and high capabilities in order to achieve eminent performance. Students having good academic performance were found to have higher intrinsic motivation.In this look for, the focus is to find out if there is any difference regarding the level of curiosity, outdoor(a) regulation and intrinsic motivation between males and females. Students in a lo cal Hong Kong university are the targeted group. Differences in Gender Most of the previous researches are apt to suggest that female have higher motivation and more desirable learning than male students. Narayanan, Rajasekaran, & Iyyappan (2007) found that female university students poring over Engineering or Technology have higher motivation in learning English than males.It was reason that female students perusal learn English better than male students (Narayanan, Rajasekaran, & Iyyappan, 2007). Further to the explanation provided by Narayanan, Rajasekaran, and Iyyappan (2007), female have better listening skills, more come to with in coif, i. e. listening, and tend to have better attitudes towards learning. Contrarily, male are less sensitive, more concerned with output, i. e. talking, and think in a more analytical way than female.These may be reasons explaining e-Journal of Organizational acquirement and Leadership volume 9, Number 2 65 Fall 2011 why females perform bette r in learning. It should be noted that the to a higher place research is for university students learning English. There is a research caution on another subject, music, conducted by Schatt (2011). The study showed that female students have higher instrumental musical practice rate than males while the amount of time spend on practice correlated epochally with intrinsic motivational beliefs. motifal beliefs are guides of students thinking, feelings and actions in learning some subject areas and they can lead to success in learning (Boekaerts, 2002 Clayton, Blumberg & Auld, 2010). Another research foc apply on subject of physical fosterage, the result is different. One study by Shang (1998) in Taiwan focusing on physical education classes in high and also junior high school, it was found that female students have lower intrinsic motivation which is relevant to their interest or employment and compassd competence than male students in most of the sub- musical scale of the stud y, but have higher effort put into the learning tasks.It not lone(prenominal) proves that learning environment is different for male and female students, but it also emphasizes that males perceive the learning environment as more challenging and competitive while females perceive higher threat than males in physical education classes (Shang, 1998). From some(prenominal) researchers examine the levels of intrinsic motivation of students on different subjects, it resulted in different genders having higher intrinsic motivation towards various subjects. Therefore, it should not have any conclusion saying that a particular gender is inclined to have higher motivation on all subjects.Based on the above evidence, the study hypothesized Hypothesis 1 (H1) There should have no difference between males and females on the level of intrinsic motivation. rarity marvel is defined as the intrinsic desire to know, to see, or to experience that motivates information seeking behavior (Zelick, 20 07, p. 147). Acquiring knowledge out of curiosity is considered to be intrinsically recognise and highly pleasurable since it eliminates states of ignorance and uncertainty (Litman, 2005). There are not so many literature reviews regarding gender difference in the level of curiosity.In a previous study, it was found that males possess higher level of curiosity than females. This study was conducted among Israeli college students while there is no strong e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 66 Fall 2011 difference for the level of curiosity among American college student (Ben-Zur, & Zeidner, 1988). According to another study by Engel vexed and Monsaas (1988), it shows that no remarkable gender difference was found among the urban elementary school students.It was also notice by Sanders, Driscoll, Dixon, Pendergrass and Scales (2004) that there is no significant gender difference among middle school students either. From the above evidence, it is believed that there should be no gender difference in the level of curiosity among the Hong Kong university students. As a result of the literature review elaborated above, the indorsement hypothesis was Hypothesis 2 (H2) Both genders possess liken level of curiosity. orthogonal Regulation External regulation is the most pressured and controlled type of motivation (Vansteenkiste, Sierens, Soenens, Luyckx, & Lens, 2009 Olsson, 2008, p. 47). Externally adjust students study for avoiding punishment, to obtain rewards or to meet external appearations (Vansteenkiste, Sierens, Soenens, Luyckx, & Lens, 2009 Xie, Debacker, & Ferguson, 2006 Olsson, 2008, p. 147). They feel that they are obliged to study. With the external pressured contingencies, they are mentally pushed to put effort into their studies. It is also indicated by Bowman (2007) that rewards and incentives provided by teachers can be use as tools to motivate students in their learning and achieve their goals.For the phrase of external to describe the external regulation, its source can still be internal. For instance, students can push themselves by studying with feelings of guilt, shame and anxiety. It can also be positive feelings of pride and ego enhancement. When students are outwardly regulated through some internal sources, this type of external regulation is labeled to be introjected regulation. Another research by Olsson (2008) stated that externally regulated people carry out internalization and integration of their behavior. It result form introjected regulation.He also agreed that their behavior is related to or enforced by the expectations of self-approval or avoiding guilt and anxiety. This type of behavior has external locus of causality. With the internalization and integration of behavior becoming more advanced, it will shift to identified regulation and people will have recognition of internal locus of causality. There is limited literature reviews regarding the gender difference o n the level of external e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 67 Fall 2011 regulation.One study by Agina, Kommers, Steehouder (2011) discovered that gender has no effect on the level of external regulation one possesses. That means there is no particular gender possessing higher level of external regulation. Another study by Balaguer, Castillo and Duda (2007) focusing on sport motivation found that female athletes have lower level of external regulation. Since the latter one meets to learning and doing sport while the origin one pertains to the targeted students external regulation in learning, it is believed that there is no gender difference in the level of external regulation among Hong Kong university students.Based on the above evidence, the third proposed hypothesis was Hypothesis 3 (H3) Both genders possess equal level of external regulation. In this study, terzetto elements were analyzed. They are curiosity, external regulation and intrins ic motivation. Their levels deep down both genders are investigated. Hong Kong Learning Environment and Education System Students in Hong Kong need to study with intense academic competition owing to the commercialization of education and rapid expansion of 3rd education (Gao, 2008).Although the increased number of universities may ease the academic competition for higher education places. The number of unemployed university graduate is also increased. Students in Hong Kong learn in a highly competitive, examination oriented and large classes with profuse amount of home reckon (Moneta & Siu, 2002). muchover, English is widely regularly promoted to be essential for individuals well-disposed and career organic evolution (Gao, 2008 Davison & Lai, 2007). English is the medium of instruction among all universities in Hong Kong.These are the characteristics of Hong Kong education system, which tends to requires students remembering all knowledge and contribute all the knowledge on the paper for the examination. Hong Kong Students may unceasingly have surface learning that they will engage in the shortcuts allowed in some contrasts and attain till the end without deeper understanding (Moneta, & Siu, 2002). There are octet universities in Hong Kong governed by the University Grants Council (UGC), which has an international membership.UGC has been assigned to ensure all experiments and introduce the independence of Hong Kong universities after the handover to China (Kember & Leung, 2011). All universities were founded while Hong Kong was a British colony. They e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 68 Fall 2011 are consistent with UK meters and practices. Also, owing to the importance of globalization and student exchange among the education, some top Hong Kong universities have been highly international in the outlook and can be compared with any other good universities in other countries.For Hong Kong education system, mo st university students are Chinese and aged from 18 to 22. Positive Relationship between Intrinsic motivation and Academic exploit According to a study conducted by Ning and Downing (2010) in Hong Kong focusing on investigating the relationship between intrinsic motivation and academic performance among university students, it was found that the relationship is positive. Also, another research by Afzal, Ali, Khan, and Hamid (2010) among 342 university students in Pakistan generates the same findings that intrinsic motivation can promote more optimum learning and better academic performance.In view of these result, intrinsic motivation should be promoted for the sake of student academic performance. question Methods Survey research among university students is utilize in this study to bear witness the hypotheses stated above since questionnaire as an instrument for studying research problems is a survey tool for collecting entropy from people about themselves such as attitudes, thoughts, behaviors or concerning a social unit such as a school (Lanthier, 2002 Siniscalco, & Auriat, 2005). The research was undefiled in three universities in Hong Kong.Before the survey is mass produced and used to fulfil real data, pilot study was carried out to disclose problems and refine the wording, ordering, etc.(Litwin, 1995 Hoinville, Jowell & Associates, 1978). decennary of my friends are asked to complete the questionnaires and give feedback independently about the questionnaires. The survey was consequently conducted by distributing questionnaires with covering letter explaining the purpose of the research to the university students individually. The questionnaire was averagely completed within 10 minutes.Subsequently, 200 questionnaires were given out to undergraduates from various universities in Hong Kong. A total of 137 responses (with a return rate of 68. 5 per cent) were achieved, and the usability rate was c per cent since no incomplete questionnaires wer e found. There are nine statements (Table 1) for three variables curiosity (Mot_3, Mot_5, Mot_6, e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 69 Fall 2011 Mot_7 and Mot_8), external regulation (Mot_1 and Mot_2) and intrinsic motivation (Motivator_3 and Motivator_4).Those statements were taken from three questionnaires from three journals (Albrecht, Haapanen, Hall, & Mantonya, 2009 Vansteenkiste, Sierens, Soenens, Luyckx, & Lens, 2009 Lepper, Corpus, & Iyengar, 2005). 4-point Likert-type scale which is common rating format especially for educational survey research was assigned to all statements (Siniscalco, & Auriat, 2005 Allen, & Seaman, 2007). Removing mid-point category from Likert scale can reduce social desirability bias arising from respondents (Garland, 1991). soilments in questionnaire were be at (1) Very on-key, (2) Sort of True, (3) not Very True and (4) Not At All True.Table 1. Statements for Three Variables Variables Curiosity Statements Mot_ 3 I take a crap hard in some courses because this represents a meaning choice for me. Mot_5 I work hard in some courses because I think I can apply what I learn to my incoming career. Mot_6 I work hard in some courses because I want to learn new things. Mot_7 I work hard in some courses because good results in school can help me get a better career. Mot_8 I work hard in some courses because this is an important life goal for me. Mot_1 I work hard in some courses because thats what others (parents, friends, etc. expect me to do. Mot_2 I work hard in some courses because thats what others (parents, friends, etc. ) force me to do. Motivator_3 I work harder when I like the teacher. Motivator_4 I work harder when the subject is interesting and useful. Data Analysis The purpose of this study is to test the gender difference on level of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation. SPSS Version 17 is used to analyze the data in this study. This is educate software fo r many scientists and other professionals to analyze statistics.Data analysis including frequency scattering is used to analyze the personal data of respondents. After that, mean and threadbare deviation are used to study the perception of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation different genders possess. separatiste-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 70 External Regulation Intrinsic Motivation Fall 2011 samples t test is then used to test all three hypotheses to see if there is any difference between males and females on the level of the three elements.Before the analysis, the collected data was examined to ensure that it is valid and reliable. It involves checking the usability and the grimness of the responses on the questionnaires collected. Subsequently, reliableness analysis using Cronbach alpha, which is a measure of internal consistency about how close elements are related to each other, is carried out to test the reliabi lity of the variables (Nunnally, 1978 Prater and Ghosh, 2006). The test means the freedom from random error (Alreck, & Settle, 1985). The Cronbach alpha nurtures (Table 2) of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation are 0. 57, 0. 622 and 0. 685 respectively. A value of 0. 60 is also used as the practical lower bound (Narasimhan & Jayaram, 1998). Therefore, reliability figures in this study, which exceed the value of 0. 60, can be perceived as acceptable. This study can be considered as reliable. Apart from reliability testing, factor analysis was also utilized to establish construct validity. Results of factor analysis can be used to ensure that questionnaire used in this study is valid (Field, 2005). Factor essence is used to analyze the validity of measurement scales with general value of acceptance as 0. 0 (Anderson, & Gerbing, 1998 Fornell, & Larcker, 1981). The variable of curiosity includes five items. A factor analysis for those items was conducted for the f ive items. Factor loadings ranged from 0. 542 to 0. 783. The variable of external regulation includes cardinal items. Factor loadings are 0. 852 for both items in the factor analysis. The variable of intrinsic motivation includes two items. Both factor loadings are 0. 872. All set of factor loadings in the questionnaire are greater than 0. 3. Hence, this scale is retained.As a result, it can be concluded that the measurement scale is valid and reliable. Table 2. Mean, hackneyed Deviation, and Cronbach Alphas of Three Variables Items Curiosity External Regulation Intrinsic Motivation let down n = 137 Mean 2. 0569 2. 8139 2. 0255 Standard Deviation . 51732 . 62722 . 61334 Cronbach alpha 0. 757 0. 622 0. 685 71 Findings The demographic statistics of the respondents were analyzed. Table 3 shows the background e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 Fall 2011 of totally 137 respondents, in which 65. % are males. 99. 3% are between 21 and 25 years old. A ll of them are studying Engineering in a local university in Hong Kong. More than half of them are year 2 university students. With 56. 9% promote to university through Joint University Programmes Admissions System (JUPAS), it indicated that they have been studying and encountering different level of motivation in learning for at least 18 years for education system in Hong Kong. Table 3. Descriptive Statistics of Personal Data of Respondents Minimu Std. N m Maximum Deviation 13 1. 00 2. 0 . 47648 7 cumulative Frequency Percent 72 Gender Male Female come along Below 21 Between 21 and 25 Above 25 Year Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Promotion JUPAS NON-JUPAS 90 47 13 7 1. 00 3. 00 . 50523 55 81 1 13 7 1. 00 5. 00 . 61495 14 79 44 13 7 1. 00 2. 00 . 49699 78 59 65. 7 100 40. 1 99. 3 100 10. 2 67. 9 100 56. 9 100 reasonable N (listwise) 13 7 All respondents completed a questionnaire asking their reasons of study in terms of whether they perceive the specific statement as Very True (1), Sort of True (2), Not Very True (3) or Not at all True (4).The reasons in the questionnaire pertain to the three variables (curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation) investigated in this study. e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 Fall 2011 Mean and standard deviation were used to examine the level of their perception of the variables. The values of mean, standard deviation and Cronbach alpha are shown in Table II. Results show that university students have slight perception towards having curiosity and intrinsic motivation, but not external regulation. It is indicated by the mean score of 2. 569 for curiosity, 2. 8139 for external regulation and 2. 0255 for intrinsic motivation. Independent sample t-test was used subsequently to test if there is any different in the level of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation between males and females. H1 This hypothesis predicting that there is no significant difference on the level of intrinsic motivation between males and females was supported since the t value is 0. 498 and the significant value is 0. 620, which is higher than 0. 05. With the mean difference of only 0. 05508, it shows no significant difference between both genders.H2 This hypothesis predicting that there is no significant difference on the level of curiosity between males and females was supported since the t value is -0. 112 and the significant value is 0. 911, which is higher than 0. 05. With the mean difference of only 0. 01050, it shows no significant difference between both genders. H3 This hypothesis predicting that there is no significant difference on the level of external regulation between males and females was supported since the t value is 1. 222 and the significant value is 0. 224, which is higher than 0. 05. With the mean difference of only 0. 3771, it shows no significant difference between both genders. To conclude, all three hypotheses are supported via the above results. It sh ows that both genders possess equal level of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation. discourse and Implications Results indicate that the levels of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation for university students in Hong Kong are nearly the same among different genders. It can be interpreted by the same education environment for both genders. Students in Hong Kong receive education under the same educational systems and approaches among different genders.Therefore, it contributes to both genders having the same level of characteristics affecting their learning and also intrinsic motivation. Moreover, there is a part of university students in Hong Kong, no matter males or females, studying subjects that they are not interested in owing to the emphasis of education e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 73 Fall 2011 qualification for students future careers in Hong Kong society. As a consequence, the education they are r eceiving cannot shop a difference of various perspectives affecting learning on different genders.That is why there is no difference for males and females on the three factors that is sibyllic to students learning. Difference on Level of Intrinsic Motivation between Males and Females support by several researchers with this result, Narayanan, Rajasekaran, & Iyyappan (2007) concluded that female students studying Engineering or Technology learn English better than male students. Meanwhile, from a research of Shang (1998) in Taiwan focusing on physical education classes, it was found that female have lower intrinsic motivation than males but with higher effort put into the learning tasks.Another research conducting by Schatt (2011) focusing on subject of music found that female students have higher instrumental musical practice rate than males while the amount of time spent on practice correlated significantly with intrinsic motivational beliefs. Therefore, it should not have any co nclusion saying that a particular gender is inclined to have higher motivation on all subjects since university students always involves studying English, Chinese culture and their major altogether.The result of this research study presentation that there is no difference between males and females on the level of intrinsic motivation support the hypothesis 1 (H1). Difference on Level of Curiosity between Males and Females Supported by several researchers with this result, Engelhard and Monsaas (1988) concluded that there is no significant gender difference on the level of curiosity among urban elementary school students. Moreover, same study take was resulted in a study by Ben-Zur and Zeidner (1988) focusing on American college students.Therefore, there should be no significant gender difference on the level of curiosity among university students in Hong Kong. The result of this research study exhibit that there is no difference between males and females on the level of curiosity support the hypothesis 2 (H2). Difference on Level of External Regulation between Males and Females Supported by several researchers with this result, Agina, Kommers, Steehouder (2011) found that gender has no effect on the level of external regulation one possesses.Although Balaguer, Castillo and Duda (2007) focusing on sport motivation found that female athletes have lower e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 74 Fall 2011 level of external regulation, this study concentrated on students sport motivation and the study of 2011 as mentioned pertains to students learning. As a consequence, there should be no significant gender difference on the level of external regulation among university students in Hong Kong.The result of this research study showing that there is no difference between males and females on the level of external regulation support the hypothesis 3 (H3). Implication for Practice The discount for practice in this study is to let unive rsities identify if one of the genders possess higher level of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation so as to bring the awareness of universities and students about their ways of teaching and it offers more information for lecturers and professors to implement different practical methods to improve students learning performance.Furthermore, this study can let universities know if they need to focus on one particular gender when teaching due to the different level of learning characteristics or intrinsic motivation. It can help schools develop deeper understanding among students. Limitations and future opportunities There are mainly two limitations in this project. Firstly, the sample size of some subgroups is not even. The sample size of males is 90 while that of females is 47. The significant level may be influenced owing to unbalanced distribution of sample size.Also, the investigated school is only one local university in Hong Kong, the survey result may not be representative to the general situations of university students in Hong Kong. The turn limitation of this study is that the sample size is not large. Less than 200 samples were collected. It may make the survey result not representative large to show the general learning environment for university students in Hong Kong. Apart from the limitations, there are several future research opportunities from this study.The first is to extend this authorized study to a larger sample size among Hong Kong university students to get a more representative result. Secondly, since there is limited literature review investigating the gender difference in curiosity, external regulation and also intrinsic motivation, which is what this project focuses e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 75 Fall 2011 on, it is suggested to apply this type of research to similar research study in primary schools, secondary schools, overseas schools, or among students studying associ ate degree in Hong Kong.The result may be different. This research study also lacks deep investigation. This study is empirical that involves only quantifiable research. The survey was conducted in form of questionnaires and without faceto-face interview. The focus of the investigations in this study is on the existence of the relationships. Further research can be done concentrating on deeply investigating why there is no significant gender difference on the level of intrinsic motivation, external regulation and curiosity. Thereby, all these can be a further research for future development of education.Conclusion Throughout the study, there is investigation of the existence of gender difference on the level of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation among the targeted group of university students in Hong Kong. This study was conducted in a local university in Hong Kong. The survey result supports all three hypotheses defined in this research study. It shows that th ere is no significant gender difference on the level of intrinsic motivation, curiosity and external regulation (H1, H2 and H3 respectively). References Afzal, H. , Ali, I. , Khan, M. A. , & Hamid, K. (2010).A Study of University Students Motivation and Its Relationship with Their Academic Performance. worldwide Journal of Business and Management, 5(4), 80-88. Agina, A. M. , Kommers, P. A. M. , Steehouder, M. M. (2011). 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