Types of Sampling Essay Example for Free

Types of Sampling Essay* How do we decide which to accustom?* How do we analyze the results differently depending on the case of sample distribution? Non-probability Sampling Why dont we use non-probability sample distribution schemes? Two reasons * We cant use the mathematics of probability to analyze the results. * In general, we cant count on a non-probability sampling scheme to evoke demoative samples. In mathematical statistics books (for courses that assume you have already taken a probability course) * Described as assumptions about haphazard variables* Sampling with fill-in versus sampling without replacementWhat are the main types of sampling and how is for each one done?Simple hit-or-miss Sampling A wide-eyed random sample (SRS) of coat n is produced by a scheme which ensures that each subgroup of the population of size n has an equal probability of being chosen as the sample. Stratified Random Sampling Divide the population into strata. There can be any numb er of these. Then choose a unprejudiced random sample from each stratum. Combine those into the overall sample. That is a stratified random sample. (Example Church A has 600 women and 400 women as members. One way to get a stratified random sample of size 30 is to take a SRS of 18 women from the 600 women and a nonher SRS of 12 men from the 400 men.)Multi-Stage Sampling Sometimes the population is too bombastic and scattered for it to be practical to make a list of the entire population from which to draw a SRS. For instance, when the a polling organization samples US voters, they do not do a SRS. Since voter lists are compiled by counties, they mogul first do a sample of the counties and then sample within the selected counties. This illustrates two stages. In some instances, they might use even more stages. At each stage, they might do a stratified random sample on sex, race, income level, or any other useful variable on which they could get in souration before sampling. How do es one decide which type of sampling to use?The formulas in around all statistics books assume simple random sampling. Unless you are willing to learn the more complex techniques to analyze the data after it is collected, it is appropriate to use simple random sampling. To learn the appropriate formulas for the more complex sampling schemes, look for a book or course on sampling. Stratified random sampling gives more precise information than simple random sampling for a prone sample size. So, if information on all members of the population is available that divides them into strata that count relevant, stratified sampling will usually be used. If the population is large and enough resources are available, usually one will use multi-stage sampling. In such situations, usually stratified sampling will be done at some stages. How do we analyze the results differently depending on the different type of sampling? The main difference is in the computation of the estimates of the varian ce (or standard deviation).An excellent book for self-study is A Sampler on Sampling, by Williams, Wiley. In this, you see a rather slight population and then a complete derivation and description of the sampling distribution of the sample mean for a particular small sample size. I believe that is accessible for any student who has had an upper-division mathematical statistics course and for some strong students who have had a freshman introductory statistics course. A very simple statement of the conclusion is that the variance of the estimator is smaller if it came from a stratified random sample than from simple random sample of the said(prenominal) size. Since small variance means more precise information from the sample, we see that this is consistent with stratified random sampling giving better estimators for a given sample size. Return to the top.Non-probability sampling schemesThese include voluntary response sampling, judgement sampling, convenience sampling, and maybe o thers. In the early part of the 20th century, many valuable samples were done that werent based on probability sampling schemes. They led to some memorable mistakes. Look in an introductory statistics text at the discussion of sampling for some interesting examples. The introductory statistics books I usually teach from are Basic Practice of Statistics by David Moore, Freeman, and Introduction to the Practice ofStatistics by Moore and McCabe, also from Freeman. A particularly good book for a discussion of the problems of non-probability sampling is Statistics by Freedman, Pisani, and Purves.The detail is fascinating. Or, ask a statistics teacher to lunch and have them grade you the stories they tell in class. Most of us like to talk about these Someday when I have time, maybe Ill write some of them here. Mathematically, the important social occasion to recognize is that the discip situation of statistics is based on the mathematics of probability. Thats about random variables. Al l of our formulas in statistics are based on probabilities in sampling distributions of estimators. To acquire a sampling distribution of an estimator for a sample size of 30, we must be able to consider all possible samples of size 30 and base our analysis on how likely each individual result is. Return to the top.In mathematical statistics books (for courses that assume you have already taken a probability course) the part of the problem relating to the sampling is described as assumptions about random variables. Mathematical statistics texts almost always says to consider the Xs (or Ys) to be independent with a common distribution. How does this correspond to some description of how to sample from a population? Answer simple random sampling with replacement. Return to the top.Types of Graphs-Line GraphsComparing versatile sets of data can be complicated, but line graphs make it easy. The plotted peaks and dips on the grid allow you to monitor and par improvement and decline. S cientists use line graphs all the time, as do all types of professionals and students. Learn more about line graphsthe most popular type of graph. -Bar GraphsPleasing to the eyes, bar graphs compare data in a simple format consisting of rectangular bars. With a few varieties to choose from, settling on theright bar graph might be confusing. Should you go with a horizontal, vertical, double or group bar graph? Read on to find out.-PictographsYou first encounter pictographs during childhood and expose into them all through lifeat school, work, and all over magazines and on TV. These diagrams, which use small picture symbols to compare information, are a media favorite statisticians, though, do not share the sentiment. Find out why, and learn more about the uses of pictographs. -Pie ChartsSimple to make and simple to understand, a pie chart is a popular form of data comparison, consisting of a circle that is split into parts. When should you use pie charts, and when should you not? Le arn about their advantages and disadvantages, and get some tips on making pie charts.-CosmographsA cosmograph is a type of chart that shows comparisons. In doing so, it makes life and work easier. If you want to prepare an input-output model for your organization, or compare the features of a geographical region through a simple visual, cosmographs come in handy. Find out how a cosmograph can help you. -Organizational ChartsThese diagrams represent the relationships between the different positions and ranks of a company through a series of boxes that go from top to bottom and side to side. Not only does anorganizational chart add order and structure to an organization, but it also shows if changes are needed. stupefy more information on organizational charts.-Flow ChartsWhen projects seem overbearing and processes seem complex, flow charts can save the day by break things down in the mouth into smaller steps and giving you a clearer idea of the overall process. Shapes are typicall y used to represent the components of a flow chart. Find out what these shapes represent and learn more about flow charts.